I found the location of the window size configuration for Report Builder 15.
It's located in this config file...
%LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\Report Builder\15.0.0.0\user.config
I was able to fix the issue by by exiting Report Builder, editing this config file with a text editor, and changing the values in the MainWindowSize setting to make them smaller than the current screen size.
Launching Report Builder with the edited configuration allowed me to resize the window again normally.
Deleting or renaming the config file would also work, as a new default config file would be created, but this would also lose other customized settings and any recent history.