Hi Mike Spain ,
I'm glad that you were able to resolve your issue and thank you for posting your solution so that others experiencing the same thing can easily reference this!
Since the Microsoft Q&A community has a policy that "The question author cannot accept their own answer. They can only accept answers by others ", I'll repost your solution in case you'd like to "Accept " the answer. Accepted answers show up at the top, resulting in improved discoverability for others.
Issue: Can't upload to a blob from a local dev Maui client, tried VS account, service principal, system environment variables, etc.
Solution: Customer shared - "AzureCliCredential and Azure CLI authentication is not possible from .NET Maui code running from an Android emulator."